A review of PTSD and current treatment strategies. Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal relationship problems in patients with depression and anxiety disorders. Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Emotional and verbal abuse.Ĭhildren's Bureau. Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuse?. What is posttraumatic stress disorder?.ĭye H. Neural contributors to trauma resilience: A review of longitudinal neuroimaging studies. Roeckner A, Oliver K, Lebois L, Rooij S, Stevens J. Emotional abuse in intimate relationships: The role of gender and age. Development of the new CPTSD diagnosis for ICD-11. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: The need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to reevaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma?. Giourou E, Skokou M, Andrew S, Alexopoulou K, Gourzis P, Jelastopulu E. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR): This therapy combines PE therapy with a series of rapid, rhythmic eye movements that help you to reprocess traumatic memories and weaken your response to them.CP helps a person make sense of and reframe their bad memories and negative thoughts. PE helps a person face negative feelings associated with trauma through gradual exposure to their emotional triggers. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Two types of CBT used for PTSD are prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and cognitive processing (CP) therapy.Psychotherapy may also target symptoms directly or help a person manage social, family, or job-related problems. Psychotherapy: Also known as talk therapy, psychotherapy helps a person with PTSD learn about symptoms, identify triggers, and help develop skills and strategies to manage symptoms.Other medications may be recommended for symptoms such as sleeping problems or nightmares. Medications: The most common medications for treating PTSD are SSRI antidepressants, which can often help decrease certain PTSD symptoms.Alterations in arousal and reactivity: Symptoms may include being irritable, having angry outbursts, behaving recklessly or in a destructive way, being easily startled, being overly suspicious of one's surroundings, or having problems concentrating or sleeping.Alterations in cognition and mood: This includes being unable to remember important aspects of the traumatic event, negative thoughts and feelings that lead to distorted thoughts about oneself or others, distorted thoughts about the cause or consequences of the event, such as blaming themselves, persistent feelings of fear, horror, anger, guilt, and shame, feeling uninterested in activities that used to be enjoyed, feeling detached from others, and being unable to experience positive emotions.This includes avoiding remembering, thinking, or talking about what happened or how you feel. Avoidance: Avoiding anything that could remind you of the traumatic event, such as people, places, activities, or situations.Intrusion: Intrusive thoughts, such as reliving a memory of a traumatic experience over and over again, distressing dreams, or flashbacks of the event.They may prevent you from socializing, character assassinate you, or attempt to turn you against your family members (or your family members against you). Isolation: Abusers may try to come in between you and your family and friends. They may deny you support, withhold affection, degrade you, ignore your physical or emotional boundaries, or constantly interrupt you. Dehumanization: Abusers may try to make you feel unimportant.They may blame you for their problems, deny the abuse, or throw made-up accusations your way, such as cheating or lying, when you try to raise an issue. Blame-shifting: Abusers may try to convince you that the abuse wouldn't happen if you weren't different in some way.They may destroy your property, drive recklessly with you in the vehicle, outright threaten you or your loved ones, or tell you stories of how they could physically abuse you. Instilling fear: Abusers may have frequent outbursts or behave unpredictably.Control: Abusers may follow or spy on you, gaslight you by trying to convince you the abuse never happened, control your access to finances, force you to quit your job, or stonewall you by refusing to communicate.Erosion of self-esteem: Abusers may insult your appearance, dismiss your thoughts, feelings, or passions as silly or unimportant, attempt to humiliate you in public, belittle you, call you mean names, or accuse you of being things you are not.
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